DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY — COURSES

Required Courses

Basic Science Core (Introductory and Intermediate Courses):

• BIOL 111-112 (General Biology I and II)
• CHEM 103-104 (Chemical Principles I and II)
• Mathematics through at least one semester of calculus (MATH 135 or MATH 140)
• PHYSIC 107-108 (College Physics I and II), or PHYSIC 113-114 (Fundamentals of Physics I and II)
• PHYSIC 181-182 (Introductory Physics Laboratory I and II)
• BIOL 210 (Cell Biology)
• BIOL 252 (Genetics)
• BIOL 290 (Population Biology)
• CHEM 253-254 (Organic Chemistry I and II)

Advanced Courses:

• BIOL 334 (Microbiology)
• BIOL 360 (Bioinformatics)
• BIOL 378 (Introduction to Immunology)
• BIOCHM 383 (Biochemistry I)
• BIOCHM 385 (Biochemistry Lab I)
• BIOL 372 (Molecular Biology)

Honors

To graduate with honors in biology, it is necessary to complete satisfactorily a program of at least 3 credits in independent study in biology (BIOL 478, 479). The biology faculty will confer departmental honors upon students who have

• maintained a cumulative average of 3.0 or higher.
• obtained satisfactory grades in their advanced biology courses (generally interpreted as a 3.0 average for all biology courses numbered 200 or above).
• written a thesis and given an oral presentation of their independent study project which, in the view of the biology faculty, merits the awarding of honors. Thesis presentations are scheduled near the end of each semester.

Pass/Fail Option

Not more than one course among the biology major or minor requirements (including those in other departments) shall be taken on a pass/fail basis.

Transfer Credit Policy

In meeting requirements for graduation with a degree in biology, a transfer student must have completed at least 12 credit hours, including a minimum of 2 credit hours (6 class hours) in laboratory work, with the Biology Department at UMass Boston (or the equivalent at UMass Amherst). These biology courses will be at the 300 level or above unless approval is obtained for lower-level courses from the department chair. Please note: The following courses may not be counted toward this requirement: BIOL 381, 444, 478-479, 672-673, and the 32 credits of clinical training in the biology and medical technology major.

The Biochemistry Major

This major is jointly administered by the Departments of Chemistry and Biology. For further information, see the “Biochemistry Major” section of this publication.

Biology Courses

BIOL 100
Coastal Ecology

Investigations of the natural history and community dynamics of salt marshes, sea grass beds, mudflats, and beaches. Field and laboratory exercises on the adaptations and interactions of marine organisms are emphasized. Meets every weekday during two weeks of the summer at the university’s field station on Nantucket.

Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.
Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
Distribution II Area: Natural Sciences.
40 Hrs Wk, 3 Credits
Mr Beck

BIOL 101
The Basis of Life

The uniqueness of life within the physical universe. The matter and energy of life, the genetic code, molecular biology, and the origin and evolution of life. An overview for students in the humanities and social sciences of those features which distinguish living organisms from non-living things. No background in the natural sciences is required.

Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
Distribution II Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 1 Disc Hr, 3 Credits

BIOL 102
Evolutionary Biology

Designed for students in the social sciences and humanities. Those areas of genetics, ecology, and evolution that form a unified approach to the study of organisms and populations. No background in the natural sciences is required.

Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
Distribution II Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits

BIOL 103
Biology of Human Disease

This course uses human disease as a vehicle to study biology in a context that is relevant to students’ lives. We will focus specifically on cancer, AIDS, and sickle-cell anemia. These diseases will be used to illustrate concepts in genetics and cell and molecular biology. The course will provide experience in scientific problem solving and in evaluation of scientific evidence, so that students develop an appreciation of how science works. Students will also examine ethical and social policy issues associated with these diseases.

Distribution II Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Ms Skvirsky

BIOL 104
Human Biology

A one-semester course designed for those who do not intend to major in biology. Topics are drawn from among the following: reproduction and development; human evolution and diversity; disease, and genetics. No background in the natural sciences is required.

Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits

BIOL 105
Economic Botany

The origin, botanical relationships, domestication and history of plants useful to humans and of economic importance, emphasizing our dependence on cultivated plants, how plants have influenced diverse cultures over time, and our influence on the vegetation of the world. No background in the natural sciences is required.

Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
Distribution II Area: Natural Sciences.
Diversity Area: International.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Wilkes

BIOL 107
Extinction

An introductory survey for non-majors of the causes and implications of extinction in biological systems, at the level of the allele, the population, and the ecosystem. One field trip may be required.

Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Wilkes

BIOL 108
Introduction to Nutrition

Introduction to the elements of nutrition with emphasis on nutrition for humans; examination of food stuffs and nutritional quality, physiology of food utilization, food quality regulations, and the global ecology of food production. No background in the natural sciences is required.

Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
Distribution II Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Wilkes

BIOL 109
Global Biological Change

Global change—its extent and its accelerating rate—is among the most pressing issues of the decade. This course explores ecology in the context of our endangered life support systems: atmosphere, climate, water, biodiversity, human population, agriculture, and energy use. It examines strategies which promote sustainable development for developed and developing worlds. Background in the natural sciences is not required.

Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Wilkes

BIOL 111
General Biology I

An integrated course stressing the principles of biology. Life processes are examined primarily at the molecular and cellular levels. Intended for students majoring in biology or for non-majors who wish to take advanced biology courses.

Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
Distribution II Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr B White

BIOL 112
General Biology II

An integrated course stressing the principles of biology. Life processes are examined primarily at the organismal and population levels. Intended for students majoring in biology or for non-majors who wish to take advanced biology courses.

Prerequisite: BIOL 111.
Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
Distribution II Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr B White

BIOL 207
Anatomy and Physiology I

A study of the human organism, correlating structure and physiological mechanisms. Emphasis on skin, the special senses, and the skeletal, articular, muscular, nervous, and endocrine systems. Required of nursing and human performance and fitness majors.

Prerequisite: BIOL 111 or equivalent.
Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr Guimond

BIOL 208
Anatomy and Physiology II

Continuation of BIOL 207. Emphasis on the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems. Required of nursing and human performance and fitness majors.

Prerequisite: BIOL 207.
Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr Guimond

BIOL 209
Medical Microbiology

An introduction to viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa which may be pathogenic to humans and animals; and to immunology, epidemiology, and clinical microbiology. The laboratory introduces sterile techniques, maintenance of pure cultures, isolation, identification, and immunological methods. For nursing majors. Biology majors should take BIOL 334 for microbiology.

Prerequisites: BIOL 111; CHEM 103-104, or CHEM 107-108, or equivalent.
Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 credits

BIOL 210
Cell Biology

A study of structure and function of cells including physiological and biochemical processes of cells, membranes, subcellular organelles, and of specialized cells. Specific topics include synthesis and mode of action of biological macromolecules, flow of information and energy, mode of enzyme action, cell-to-cell communication, and membrane functions such as transport. Note: Students (non-biology majors) who do not wish to take the laboratory portion of this course should register for BIOL 212. No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 212.

Prerequisites: BIOL 111-112, CHEM 103, Placement into MATH 110 or higher on Math Placement Test.
Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Ms Huang

BIOL 212
Cell Biology (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 210; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. Biology majors should take BIOL 210. No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 210.

Prerequisites: See BIOL 210.
Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Ms Huang

BIOL 252
Genetics

The basic principles of heredity, studied through an integrated presentation of molecular and classical (Mendelian) genetics. Topics include the nature of the hereditary material, structure of chromosomes, and patterns of inheritance. Note: Students (non-biology majors) who do not wish to take the laboratory portion of this course should register for BIOL 254. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 254.)

Prerequisites: BIOL 111-112; CHEM 103; placement into MATH 115 or higher on Math Placement Test.
Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr Kesseli, Ms Skvirsky

BIOL 254
Genetics (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 252; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 252.)
Prerequisites: Same as for BIOL 252.

Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Kesseli, Ms Skvirsky

BIOL 290
Population Biology

This course examines evolution, and the growth of populations, developing principles and applying them to such issues as interaction among species, social behavior, presentation of genetic variation in domestic species, ecology of human pathogens, control of insect pests, and the organization of ecosystems. The course includes two field trips.

Prerequisites: BIOL 252 or 254, and MATH 115.
Distribution I Area: Natural Sciences.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Ms Brault

Advanced Courses

Note: BIOCHM 383, 384, 385, and 386 can also be counted as advanced biology courses meeting the biology major requirements. See the “Biochemistry” section of this publication for course descriptions.

BIOL 302
Histology

A survey of the structure and organization of tissues and organ systems, primarily of mammals. Cellular physiology is considered as it relates to structure, ultrastructure, and staining characteristics.

Prerequisite: BIOL 210 or 212.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits

BIOL 312
Developmental Biology and Embryology

This course analyzes the development of multicellular animals and plants, by examining major developmental processes: growth, gene expression, cell interaction, morphogenesis, and pattern regulation. Lectures use experimental evidence to explore the commonality of mechanisms in differing organisms. Basic labs provide experience with materials and methods, and help clarify changing three-dimensional relationships. Additional labs investigate vertebrate embryology in greater detail. Note: Students wishing to take this course with fewer lab hours for fewer credits should enroll in BIOL 313. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 313.)

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254; CHEM 103.
3 Lect Hrs, 6 Lab Hrs, 5 Credits

BIOL 313
Developmental Biology and Embryology (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 312; BIOL 313 has fewer lab hours. Students wishing to take this course with additional lab hours for more credits should enroll in BIOL 312. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 312.)

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254; CHEM 103.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits

BIOL 314
Development Biology

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 312; BIOL 313 has fewer lab hours. Students wishing to take this course with additional lab hours for more credits should enroll in BIOL 312.

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254; CHEM 103.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Staff

BIOL 316
Neurobiology

Examination of the nervous system, beginning at the membrane and cellular level and then moving on to the organization of sensory and motor systems. Special topics include the biological basis of various neurological and psychiatric diseases. Note: Students who do not wish to take the laboratory portion of this course should register for BIOL 318. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 318.)

Prerequisite: BIOL 210 or 212 or permission of instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Ms Pollack

BIOL 317
Endocrinology

The study of hormone physiology and biochemistry in the context of organismal regulation and coordination. Includes hormone chemistry, control and regulation of hormone production, and the cellular and biochemical nature of hormone action. Emphasis on mammalian systems and on laboratory and clinical investigations of the endocrine system. Note: Students who do not wish to take the laboratory portion of this course should register for BIOL 319. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 319.)

Prerequisite: BIOL 210 or 212 or permission of instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr Campbell

BIOL 318
Neurobiology (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 316; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 316.)

Prerequisite: BIOL 210 or 212 or permission of instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Ms Pollack

BIOL 319
Endocrinology (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 317; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 317.)

Prerequisite: BIOL 210 or 212 or permission of instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Campbell

BIOL 320
Vascular Plants

The anatomy, morphology, and evolution of the major groups of vascular plants. Note: Students who do not wish to take the laboratory portion of this course should register for BIOL 322. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 322.)

Prerequisite: BIOL 210 or 212.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits

BIOL 321
Plant Physiology

A study of plant function with emphasis on nutrition, translocation, metabolism, signal transduction and gene expression, photosynthesis and respiration, hormonal controls during vegetative and reproductive growth, and responses to environmental signals and stresses. Note: Students who do not wish to take the laboratory portion of this course should register for BIOL 323. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 323 or 212.)

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, CHEM 104, MATH 115.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr Colón-Carmona

BIOL 322
Vascular Plants (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 320; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 320.)

Prerequisite: BIOL 210 or 212.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits

BIOL 323
Plant Physiology (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 321; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 321.)

Prerequisites: Same as for BIOL 321.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Colón-Carmona

BIOL 328
Plant Life

An advanced survey of plant diversity, the major groups, their organization and reproduction, the elements of taxonomy and economic botany of vascular plants, and the major issues of conservation biology. Note: Students who do not wish to take the laboratory portion of this course should register for BIOL 329. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 329.)

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254, or permission of instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 2-3 Field Trips, 4 Credits
Mr Wilkes

BIOL 329
Plant Life (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 328; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 328.)

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254, or permission of instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Wilkes

BIOL 330
Biology of Fishes

The evolution, ecology, genetics, taxonomy, and structure of fish. Biological problems of general interest are emphasized, such as breeding systems, genetics of sex determination, evolution by means of chromosome duplication, environmental physiology, and migration.

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 and 252, or permission of instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits

BIOL 331
Biology of Marine Invertebrates

Essential background for those planning to concentrate in organismic biology, evolution, ecology, or applied environmental science. The course covers life histories, ecological roles, adaptations, morphologies, evolution, and classification of marine invertebrate animals. Laboratory includes field trips to local marine communities. Note: Students who do not wish to take the laboratory portion of this course should register for BIOL 333. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 333.)

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254.
3 Lect Hrs, 6 Lab Hrs, 5 Credits
Mr Rex

BIOL 333
Biology of Marine Invertebrates (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 331; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 331.)

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Rex

BIOL 334
Microbiology

The study of viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa, to include their characterization, classification, and relationship to humans and the environment. Lecture topics include microbial biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, taxonomy, pathogenic bacteriology, food and industrial microbiology, and ecology. The laboratory emphasizes aseptic techniques to isolate, culture, observe, and identify bacteria.

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and CHEM 104.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr Shiaris

BIOL 337
Comparative Animal Physiology

Considers physiological principles and problems in a phylogenetic perspective. An integrated view of physiological solutions from the cellular to organismal level is used to discuss adaptations to environments and constraints on life history. Major topics to be considered include temperature responses, biological clocks, allometry, respiration, circulation, energetics, locomotion, and salt and water balance. Note: Students who do not wish to take the laboratory portion of this course should register for BIOL 339. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 339.)

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, CHEM 104, MATH 115.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr Stevenson

BIOL 338
Insect Life

This course considers physiological and other adaptations that account for the survival and success of insect life. The laboratory deals primarily with the diversity of insects. Brief consideration is also given to the relationship of insects to humans.

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr Stevenson

BIOL 339
Comparative Animal Physiology (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 337; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 337.)

Prerequisites: See BIOL 337.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Stevenson

BIOL 340
Marine Mammal Biology

This upper-level course covers the biological ecology of marine mammals (Pinnipeds, Cetaceans, Sirenians), with emphasis on applied population ecology, and conservation issues. Topics include adaptations to marine environments, effects of human exploitation, case studies of population recovery, and multispecies interactions. Many topics make use of mathematical equations.

Prerequisites: BIOL 290, MATH 130, or equivalent.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Ms Brault

BIOL 342
Ecology

A course in population and community ecology. Topics include theory and case studies of population dynamics, competition, predation, niche concepts, life history strategies, behavioral interactions, energetics and productivity, community structure and organization, and biogeography.

Prerequisites: BIOL 290, or permission of instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Ebersole

BIOL 343
Ecology Laboratory

Field trips to local terrestrial and marine communities, laboratory studies of population dynamics and interactions between species, and analytical approaches to ecological data. Some field trips may be scheduled on Saturdays. (Course offered in even-numbered years, fall term.)

Corequisite or prerequisite: BIOL 342.
1 Lect Hr, 3 Lab Hrs, 2 Credits

BIOL 344
Ornithology

The biology of birds, with emphasis on problems of wider biological interest in ecology and behavior.

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254.
Corequisite: BIOL 345.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits

BIOL 345
Ornithology Laboratory

Laboratory and field work in ornithology. The course includes some Saturday field trips.
Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254.
Corequisite: BIOL 344.
3 Lab Hrs, 1 Credit

BIOL 346
Maritime Ecology Research

Supervised research on the adaptations and interactions of organisms of the beaches, salt marshes, sand dunes, and embayments of Nantucket. Meets every weekday during five weeks of the summer at the University’s field station on Nantucket.

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254, and MATH 115, or permission of instructor.
40 Hrs wk, 5 Credits

BIOL 348
Animal Behavior

The course deals with some topics in the physiology and development of behavior and more extensively with social organization, communication, and ecological aspects of behavior. Emphasis on the function and evolution of behavior.

Prerequisite: BIOL 290 or permission of instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits

BIOL 349
Methods in Ethology

Observational and experimental analyses of the behavior of a variety of species. Laboratory studies, films, and field trips.

Corequisite: BIOL 348.
5 Lab Hrs, 1 Disc Hr, 3 Credits

BIOL 352
Evolution

Evolution as the unifying concept of biology. Topics include population genetics, adaptive strategies, sex and breeding systems, speciation and population differentiation, fossil histories, evolution of man.

Prerequisites: BIOL 290 and 252 or 254, or permission of instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Etter

BIOL 353
Evolution Laboratory

Laboratory investigations of evolutionary processes, including simulations of population genetics, biometric analyses of adaptive morphological features in natural populations, experiments on mimicry, field trips to systematic museum collections and local natural habitats, and phylogenetic analysis of land snails. Concepts of experimental design and statistical analysis are emphasized. (Course offered in the spring semester of even-numbered years.)

Corequisite: BIOL 352.
3 Lab Hrs, 1 Disc Hr, 2 Credits
Mr Ebersole

BIOL 360
Bioinformatics

This course will provide a fundamental overview of bioinformatics, which is the collection, organization, and analysis of biological information. Topics include data searches and sequence alignments, substitution patterns, phylogenetics, genomics, protein and RNA structure prediction, and proteomics. Designed as a required course for biotechnology track students and other students interested in biotechnology careers or graduate study in biological sciences.

Prerequisites: BIOL 252/254 or permission of the instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 credits
Ms Tan

BIOL 370
Molecular Biology

The molecular biology and biochemistry of gene expression in procaryotes and eucaryotes. Topics include DNA structure/physical biochemistry, recombinant DNA technology, techniques in research, DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, operons, chromatin structure and gene regulation, oncogenes, hormones and growth factors and signal transduction, transposons, mutagenesis and repair, flowering, photosynthesis, development, circadian rhythms, etc. Laboratories emphasize basic research techniques. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 372.)

Prerequisites: BIOCHM 383 and 385, BIOL 210 or 212, and BIOL 252 or 254.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr Ackerman

BIOL 372
Molecular Biology (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 370; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 370.)

Prerequisites: BIOCHM 383, BIOL 210 or 212, and BIOL 252 or 254.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Ackerman

BIOL 378
Introduction to Immunology

An introduction to the principles of immunology including definition of antigens and antibodies, specificity of the immune response, immunoglobin structure, the genetics of immunoglobin synthesis, cellular cooperation in the immune response, mechanism of inflammation, transplantation, diseases associated with responsiveness of the immune system. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 380.)

Prerequisites: BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254, and CHEM 104, or permission of the instructor.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Lab Hrs, 4 Credits
Mr Beck

BIOL 380
Introduction to Immunology (Lecture)

The description of this course is the same as BIOL 378; this course consists of lecture sections only; there is no laboratory. (No student may take this course after successful completion of BIOL 378.)

Prerequisites: See BIOL 378.
3 Lect Hrs, 3 Credits
Mr Beck

BIOL 381
Special Topics

Detailed study of a specialized field of biology. Several topics may be offered each semester.

Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.
Hrs by arrangement, 1 Credit

BIOL 395
Biotechnology

This course is designed to introduce students to methodologies and approaches in the biotechnology industry. The course focuses on the scientific principles and the applications of microbiology, cell biology, immunology, and molecular biology in the medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural industries.

Prerequisites: BIOCHM 383 and permission of the instructor.
Corequisite: BIOL 370.
3 Lect Hrs
Mr Campbell

BIOL 444
Cooperative Education Field Placement in Biology

A work placement in an off-campus biological laboratory or field setting where a student carries out an approved project comparable in depth and scope to an advanced undergraduate biology course. The department appoints one or more faculty to serve as co-sponsors. All placements are for six months. Full-time: six credits. Half-time: three credits.

Prerequisites: Junior standing; BIOL 210 or 212, and 252 or 254; cumulative grade point average of 2.5 or higher in all courses, and grade point average of 2.5 or higher in science and mathematics courses.
Hrs by arrangement, 3-6 Credits

BIOL 478
Independent Study I

An opportunity for qualified, advanced students to work on a specialized topic or research project in biology under the guidance of a faculty advisor. The course is normally taken for 3 credits per semester. Enrollment may be for one semester, but students are strongly urged to enroll for a full year. This course can be taken in the summer. BIOL 478 and 479 do not count toward biology major requirements. Laboratory and field work.

Prerequisites: 2nd semester junior standing and permission of a research director.
Hrs by arrangement, 1-3 Credits

BIOL 479
Independent Study II

See BIOL 478.

Graduate Courses

Most graduate-level courses in biology are open to undergraduates. Please contact the department office for further information.